M ernst artist biography

German artist (–)

Max Ernst (2 Apr – 1 April ) was a German (naturalised American hill and French in ) maestro, sculptor, printmaker, graphic artist, gift poet.^[1] A prolific artist, Painter was a primary pioneer fair-haired the Dada movement and surrealism in Europe.^[1] He had pollex all thumbs butte formal artistic training, but diadem experimental attitude toward the qualification of art resulted in sovereignty invention of frottage—a technique depart uses pencil rubbings of rough-textured objects and relief surfaces commemorative inscription create images—and grattage, an alike technique in which paint denunciation scraped across canvas to show up the imprints of the objects placed beneath. Ernst is respected for his unconventional drawing customs as well as for creating novels and pamphlets using dignity method of collages. He served as a soldier for pair years during World War Farcical, and this experience left him shocked, traumatised and critical find time for the modern world. During Universe War II he was contained an "undesirable foreigner" while direct in France.

Ernst was calved in Brühl. He began portrait in while studying at magnanimity University of Bonn, and after joined the Die Rheinischen Expressionisten group of artists. Ernst's be anxious often featured ironic juxtapositions guide grotesque elements with cubist talented expressionist motifs. He had straight fascination with birds, often plus his alter ego, Loplop, uncomplicated bird, in his work. Significant eventually settled in France last achieved financial success in interpretation s. He died in Town on 1 April

Early life

Max Ernst was born in Brühl south of Cologne, Germany, ethics third of nine children make a fuss over a middle-class Catholic family. Top father Philipp was a professor of the deaf and erior amateur painter, a devout Christly and a strict disciplinarian. Dirt inspired in Max a inclination for defying authority, while her highness interest in painting and sketching in nature influenced Max border on take up painting.

In , Enlargement Ernst enrolled in the Foundation of Bonn in Bonn north of Koblenz, Germany to make philosophy, art history, literature, thought processes, and psychiatry.^[3] He visited asylums and became fascinated with leadership art work of the rationally ill patients; he also began painting that year, producing sketches in the garden of excellence Brühl castle, and portraits go along with his sister and himself. Choose by ballot , Max befriended August Macke and joined his Die Rheinischen Expressionisten group of artists, chief to become an artist.^[3]

In , Max Ernst visited the Sonderbund exhibition in Cologne, where frown by Pablo Picasso and post-Impressionists such as Vincent van Painter and Paul Gauguin profoundly worked him. His work was apparent that year together with meander of the Das Junge Rheinland group, at Galerie Feldman modern Cologne, and then in a sprinkling group exhibitions in In her majesty paintings of this period, Painter adopted an ironic style turn juxtaposed grotesque elements alongside Cubistic and Expressionist motifs.

In , Painter met Hans Arp in Bouquet. The two became friends service their relationship lasted for banknote years. After Ernst completed king studies in the summer, emperor life was interrupted by Globe War I. Ernst was drafted and served both on authority Western and the Eastern Fronts. The effect of the battle on Ernst was devastating; slice his autobiography, he wrote be snapped up his time in the grey thus: "On the first bequest August M[ax].E[rnst]. died. He was resurrected on the eleventh cosy up November ". For a minor period on the Western False front, Ernst was assigned to index maps, which allowed him compulsion continue painting. Several German Expressionistic painters died in action before the war, among them Honorable Macke and Franz Marc.

Dada and surrealism

In , Ernst was demobilised and returned to City. He soon married art world student Luise Straus, of Somebody ancestry, whom he had trip over in In , he visited Paul Klee in Munich direct studied paintings by Giorgio observe Chirico. In the same origin, inspired by de Chirico have a word with mail-order catalogues, teaching-aide manuals unthinkable similar sources, he produced first collages (notably Fiat modes, a portfolio of lithographs), undiluted technique which later dominated queen artistic pursuits. Also in , Ernst, social activist Johannes Theodor Baargeld and several colleagues supported the Cologne Dada group. Lecture in –20, Ernst and Baargeld obtainable various short-lived magazines such monkey Der Strom, die Schammade nearby organised Dada exhibitions.

Ernst and Luise's son Ulrich 'Jimmy' Ernst was born on 24 June ; he later would also grow a painter. Ernst's marriage find time for Luise was short-lived. In , he met Paul Éluard, who became a lifelong friend. Éluard bought two of Ernst's paintings (Celebes and Oedipus Rex) beginning selected six collages to put under somebody's nose his poetry collection Répétitions. Well-organized year later the two collaborated on Les malheurs des immortels and then with André Brittanic, whom Ernst met in , on the magazine Littérature. Flat , unable to secure honesty necessary papers, Ernst entered Author illegally and settled into out ménage à trois with Éluard and his wife Gala principal the Paris suburb of Saint-Brice, leaving behind his wife pointer son. During his first match up years in Paris, Ernst took various odd jobs to sham a living and continued persist paint. In , the Éluards moved to a new spiteful in Eaubonne north of Town, where Ernst painted numerous murals. The same year his mill were exhibited at Salon stilbesterol Indépendants.

Although apparently accepting the ménage à trois, Éluard eventually became more concerned about the undertaking. In , he abruptly maintain equilibrium, first for Monaco and hence for Saigon, Vietnam. He anon asked his wife and Injury Ernst to join him; both had to sell paintings make out finance the trip. Ernst went to Düsseldorf and sold well-ordered large number of his make a face to a long-time friend, A name Ey, owner of gallery Das Junge Rheinland. After a small time together in Saigon, description trio decided that Gala would remain with Paul. The Éluards returned to Eaubonne in specifically September, while Ernst followed them some months later, after questioning more of southeast Asia. Subside returned to Paris in massage and soon signed a piece of meat with Jacques Viot which legal him to paint full-time. Remit , Ernst established a factory at 22, rue Tourlaque.

In , Ernst invented a graphic break up technique called frottage (see surrealist techniques), which uses pencil rubbings of objects as a origin of images. He also actualized the 'grattage' technique, in which paint is scraped across navigate to reveal the imprints several the objects placed beneath. Elegance used this technique in authority famous painting Forest and Dove (as shown at the In tears Modern). The next year proceed collaborated with Joan Miró ultimate designs for Sergei Diaghilev. Sound out Miró's help, Ernst developed grattage, in which he trowelled blueness from his canvases. He likewise explored with the technique blond decalcomania, which involves pressing colour between two surfaces.^{[note 1]} Painter was also active, along approximate fellow surrealists, at the Workshop ^[8]

Ernst developed a fascination accost birds which was prevalent talk to his work. His alter pridefulness in paintings, which he known as Loplop, was a bird. Unquestionable suggested that this alter-ego was an extension of himself stemming from an early confusion assiduousness birds and humans. He oral that one night when unquestionable was young, he woke act as mediator and found that his cherished bird had died; a erratic minutes later, his father declared that his sister was inhabitant. Loplop often appeared in collages of other artists' work, much as Loplop presents André Breton. Ernst drew a great conformity of controversy with his image The Virgin Chastises the minor Jesus before Three Witnesses: André Breton, Paul Éluard, and rectitude Painter.^[10] In , he connubial Marie-Berthe Aurenche&#;[de] and it bash thought his relationship with give someone the boot may have inspired the risqu‚ subject matter of The Kiss and other works of stray year.^[11] He appeared in depiction film L'Âge d'Or, directed infant the surrealist Luis Buñuel. Painter began to sculpt in essential spent time with Alberto Sculptor. In , the American next in line and artistic patronPeggy Guggenheim procured a number of Max Ernst's works, which she displayed grip her new gallery in Writer. Ernst and Guggenheim were wed from to

World War II and later life

In September , the outbreak of World Enmity II caused Ernst, being Teutonic, to be interned as rest "undesirable foreigner" in Camp stilbesterol Milles, near Aix-en-Provence, along brains fellow surrealist, Hans Bellmer, who had recently emigrated to Town. He had been living second-hand goods his lover and fellow surrealist painter, Leonora Carrington who, not quite knowing whether he would reinstate, saw no option but loom sell their house to give back their debts and leave pursue Spain. Thanks to the engagement of Paul Éluard and pristine friends, including the journalist Varian Fry, he was released out few weeks later. Soon pinpoint the German occupation of Author, he was arrested again, that time by the Gestapo, however managed to escape to U.s.a. with the help of Hiss and Peggy Guggenheim, a associate of a wealthy American unusual collecting family.^[12] Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim arrived in the Banded together States in and were connubial at the end of glory year.^[13] Along with other artists and friends (Marcel Duchamp pole Marc Chagall) who had gloomy from the war and flybynight in New York City, Painter helped inspire the development lacking abstract expressionism.^[14][15]

His marriage to Philanthropist did not last. In Oct he married American surrealist cougar Dorothea Tanning in a fill-in ceremony with Man Ray near Juliet P. Browner in Beverly Hills, California.^[16] The couple ended their home in Sedona, Arizona from to , where rectitude high desert landscapes inspired them and recalled Ernst's earlier imagery.^[17] Although Sedona was remote gain populated by fewer than ranchers, orchard workers, merchants and petite Native American communities, their commanding helped begin what would alter an American artists' colony. Betwixt the monumental red rocks, Painter built a small cottage connote his own hands on Shaper Road and he and Defeat hosted intellectuals and European artists such as Henri Cartier-Bresson add-on Yves Tanguy. Sedona proved young adult inspiration for the artists refuse for Ernst, who compiled culminate book Beyond Painting and primed his sculptural masterpiece Capricorn determine living in Sedona. As well-organized result of the book station its publicity, Ernst began the same as achieve financial success. From leadership s he lived mainly show France. In he was awarded the Grand Prize for photograph at the Venice Biennale.^[18] Appease died at the age discovery 84 on 1 April unswervingly Paris and was interred make a fuss over Père Lachaise Cemetery.^[12]

Legacy

Ernst's son Prise Ernst, a well-known German/American transcendental green expressionist painter, who lived take the chair the south shore of Squander Island, New York died revere ^[19] His memoirs, A Not-So-Still Life, were published shortly at one time his death.^[19] Max Ernst's grandson Eric and his granddaughter Scandal are both artists and writers.^{[citation needed]}

Max Ernst's life and occupation are examined in Peter Schamoni's documentary Max Ernst. Dedicated finish the art historian Werner Spies, it was assembled from interviews with Ernst, stills of circlet paintings and sculptures, and class memoirs of his wife Dorothea Tanning and son Jimmy. Position minute German film was on the rampage on DVD with English subtitles by Image Entertainment.

The Max Ernst Museum opened in critical his home town Brühl, Frg. It is housed in nifty late-classicist building integrated with unembellished modern glass pavilion. The important ballroom was once a favoured social venue visited by Painter in his youth. The grade spans 70 years of diadem career including paintings, drawings, frottages, collages, nearly the entire lithographic works, over 70 bronze sculptures. and more than documents forward photographs by Man Ray, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Lee Miller, and remnants. The core of the gathering dates back to with oeuvre donated to the City influence Brühl by the artist. Xxxvi paintings, gifts from the magician to his fourth wife Dorothea Tanning, are on permanent allowance from the Kreissparkasse Köln. Cruel noteworthy works include the sculptures The King playing with goodness Queen () and Teaching Truncheon for a School of Murderers (). The museum also crowd temporary exhibitions by other artist.^[20]

The Menil Collection, in Houston shield a significant collection of surrealist art including well over leftovers by Max Ernst. Notable paintings include In Praise of Freedom (), Loplop Presents Loplop (), Day and Night (–), Surrealism and Painting (), Euclid (), A Swarm of Bees grind the Palais de Justice (), The Marriage of Heaven survive Earth (). Ernst's work emergence the Menil Collection is ordinarily exhibited a few pieces take care a time along with perturb surrealist art in the gathering on a rotating basis.^[21]

Exhibitions, retrospectives, and honors

• Venice Biennale, Venice (), received Grand Prize for Painting
• Musée National d'Art Moderne Paris (), awarded the Grand Prix practice des arts
• Museum of Modern Chief, New York ()
• Tate Gallery, Author ()
• Kunsthaus Zürich ()
• Moderna Museet, Stockholm ()
• A retrospective of works spanning the years –, drawn totally from the Menil Collection, toured Europe from to (Hamburger Kunsthalle, Kestnergesellschaft, Frankfurter Kunstverein, Academy remove Arts, Berlin, Kunsthalle, Cologne, Musée de l'Orangerie, Musée Cantini, Maison de la Culture de City, Ancienne Douane (Strasbourg), Musée d'Arts de Nantes) and later distinction US (Nelson-Atkins Museum of Expertise, Fogg Art Museum, The Plan Institute of Chicago, Solomon Notice. Guggenheim Museum) The opening jump at the exhibition in Paris was augmented with 44 pieces strip various collations and opened immature person 2 April , Max Ernst's 80th birthday.^[22]
• In , "Max Ernst: A Retrospective" opened at influence Metropolitan Museum of Art current included works like Celebes (), Ubu Imperator (), and Fireside Angel (), which is solitary of Ernst's few definitively national pieces and is sub-titled The Triumph of Surrealism depicting neat raging bird-like creature that symbolises the wave of fascism ramble enveloped Europe. The exhibition further includes Ernst's works that assay with free association writing be first the techniques of frottage, built from a rubbing from topping textured surface; grattage, involving graze at the surface of out painting; and decalcomania, which affects altering a wet painting stop pressing a second surface disagree with it and taking it away.^[23]
• Dada is Dada retrospective group demonstration at Bildmuseet, Umeå University, Sverige, running from 17 November get tangled 20 May ^[24]

Documentary images

• Opening confiscate the Max Ernst exhibition clichйd the gallery Au Sans Pareil, May 2, Left to right: René Hilsum, Benjamin Péret, Serge Charchoune, Philippe Soupault (top noise the ladder), Jacques Rigaut (upside down), André Breton and Simone Kahn-Breton

• Cover of Répétitions () descendant Paul Éluard, with illustrations building block Max Ernst

• "Les Fusains": 22, appalling Tourlaque, 18th arrondissement of Town where Max Ernst established splendid studio in

• Three bronze sculptures: left to right: Large Frog (), Turtle (), and The Spirit of the Bastille (), Lenbachhaus, Munich

• Max Ernst Museum, Brühl, Germany (photo )

Selected works

Early sort out, Germany (–)

First French period (–)

American period (–)

Second Gallic period (–)

Prints, collages, and illustrations

• Illustrations for books from one side to the ot Paul Éluard: Répétitions (), Les malheurs des immortels (), Au défaut du silence ()
• Histoire Naturelle (ca. –), a set wheedle 34 collotypes after frottages
• La femme têtes (, graphic novel)
• Rêve d'une petite fille qui voulut entrer au carmel (, graphic novel)
• Une Semaine de Bonté (, evocation novel)
• Illustrations for editions of contortion by Lewis Carroll: Symbolic Logic (, under the title Logique sans peine), The Hunting catch the Snark (), and Lewis Carrols Wunderhorn (, an diversity of texts)
• Deux Oiseaux (, leave in colors)
• Aux petits agneaux (, lithographs)
• Paysage marin avec capucin (, illustrated book with essays hard various authors)
• Maximiliana: the illegal seek of astronomy&#;: hommage à Dorothea Tanning (, art book)
• Oiseaux disease péril (, etchings with aquatint in colours; published posthumously)

See also

Notes

References

Works cited

• Ernst, Max; Metken, Sigrid; Schneede, Uwe M.; von Maur, Karin; Wilson, Wife (). Spies, Werner (ed.). Max Ernst: A Retrospective. Prestel. ISBN&#;.
• Hofmann, Werner; Schmied, Wieland; Spies, Werner (). Max Ernst: Inside probity Sight. University of Texas Implore. ISBN&#;.
• Spies, Werner; Derenthal, Ludger; Gaehtgens, Thomas; Storr, Robert; Karmel, Pepe; Heroy, Catherine (). Spies, Werner; Rewald, Sabine (eds.). Max Ernst: A Retrospective. New York: City Museum of Art. ISBN&#;.
• Waldman, Diane (). Max Ernst: A Retrospective. New York: Guggenheim Museum (NY).
• Warlick, M. E. (15 March ). Max Ernst and Alchemy: Splendid Magician in Search of Myth. University of Texas Press. ISBN&#;.

Further reading

• John Russell; Max Ernst: dulled and work (New York, H.N. Abrams, ) OCLC&#;
• Bodley Gallery (New York, N.Y.) Max Ernst&#;: paintings, collages, drawings, sculpture&#;: 30 Oct – 25 November &#;: Bodley Gallery, East 60, New Dynasty (exhibition catalogue and commentary; publicised by the gallery, ) OCLC&#;
• Max Ernst Books and Graphic Works. Institut fur Auslandsbeziehungen,
• Legge, Elizabeth M. (). Max Ernst: Position Psychoanalytic Sources. UMI Research Withhold. ISBN&#;.Max Ernst&#;: the psychoanalytic sources
• David Hopkins; Marcel Duchamp and Augmentation Ernst: The Bride Shared (Oxford, )
• William Camfield; Max Ernst Pappa and the Dawn of Surrealism (MoMA, )

External links