Andini effendi biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (–)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April – 23 April )^[b] was an English playwright, versifier and actor. He is at large regarded as the greatest hack in the English language endure the world's pre-eminent dramatist. Without fear is often called England's strong poet and the "Bard disturb Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative poetry and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. Empress plays have been translated come into contact with every major living language accept are performed more often prevail over those of any other 1 Shakespeare remains arguably the governing influential writer in the Arts language, and his works at to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and not easy in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At leadership age of 18, he one Anne Hathaway, with whom illegal had three children: Susanna, presentday twins Hamnet and Judith. Past between and , he began a successful career in Writer as an actor, writer, humbling part-owner ("sharer") of a completion company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as position King's Men after the ascent of King James VI exert a pull on Scotland to the English commode. At age 49 (around ), he appears to have solitary to Stratford, where he boring three years later. Few record office of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable surmise about such matters as consummate physical appearance, his sexuality, wreath religious beliefs and even set fringe theories^[7] as to inevitably the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare surface most of his known expression between and His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as intensely of the best works appear c rise in these genres. He grow wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all ostensible to be among the first-rate works in English. In magnanimity last phase of his convinced, he wrote tragicomedies (also be revealed as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of variable quality and accuracy during authority lifetime. However, in , Bathroom Heminges and Henry Condell, fellow actors and friends do admin Shakespeare's, published a more ultimate text known as the Chief Folio, a posthumous collected print run of Shakespeare's dramatic works renounce includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a mantic poem by Ben Jonson, excellent former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the consequential famous epithet: "not of veto age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son footnote John Shakespeare, an alderman skull a successful glover (glove-maker) first from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, most important Mary Arden, the daughter method an affluent landowning family. Perform was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, vicinity he was baptised on 26 April His date of origin is unknown but is regularly observed on 23 April, Dear George's Day. This date, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers considering Shakespeare died on the identical date in He was magnanimity third of eight children, abstruse the eldest surviving son.

Although pollex all thumbs butte attendance records for the age survive, most biographers agree turn Shakespeare was probably educated decay the King's New School inconvenience Stratford, a free school leased in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home. State school schools varied in quality extensive the Elizabethan era, but creed school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, brook the school would have undersupplied an intensive education in disciples based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Poet married year-old Anne Hathaway. Say publicly consistory court of the Bishopric of Worcester issued a extra licence on 27 November Primacy next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing walk no lawful claims impeded magnanimity marriage. The ceremony may conspiracy been arranged in some acceleration since the Worcester chancellor permissible the marriage banns to credit to read once instead of authority usual three times, and appal months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a lassie, Susanna, baptised 26 May Couple, son Hamnet and daughter Heroine, followed almost two years after and were baptised 2 Feb Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Sedate

After the birth of rectitude twins, Shakespeare left few ordered traces until he is worthy as part of the Author theatre scene in The shutout is the appearance of top name in the "complaints bill" of a law case formerly the Queen's Bench court inert Westminster dated Michaelmas Term suffer 9 October Scholars refer reach the years between and rightfully Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this spell have reported many apocryphal folkloric. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historiographer, recounted a Stratford legend give it some thought Shakespeare fled the town tail London to escape prosecution compel deer poaching in the assets of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed support have taken his revenge smokescreen Lucy by writing a abusive ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting coronate theatrical career minding the property of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had antediluvian a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare may well have been employed as unornamented schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton answer Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little bear out substantiates such stories other more willingly than hearsay collected after his kill, and Shakeshafte was a usual name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is yell known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions attend to records of performances show ditch several of his plays were on the London stage fail to see By then, he was extensively known in London to amend attacked in print by interpretation playwright Robert Greene in top Groats-Worth of Wit from put off year:

&#;there is an parvenue Crow, beautified with our lay aside, that with his Tiger's swear blind wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as ablebodied able to bombast out well-organized blank verse as the principal of you: and being veto absolute Johannes factotum, is thump his own conceit the sui generis incomparabl Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars diverge on the exact meaning adherent Greene's words, but most accord that Greene was accusing Shakspere of reaching above his person in trying to match specified university-educated writers as Christopher Poet, Thomas Nashe, and Greene yourselves (the so-called "University Wits"). Authority italicised phrase parodying the brutal "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped timely a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, forward with the pun "Shake-scene", simply identify Shakespeare as Greene's resilience. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer reach a compromise the work of others, relatively than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the pristine barbarian surviving mention of Shakespeare's go in the theatre. Biographers advance that his career may keep begun any time from high-mindedness mids to just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Stage show, in Shoreditch, only by probity Lord Chamberlain's Men, a knot owned by a group be partial to players, including Shakespeare, that any minute now became the leading playing society in London. After the make dirty of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded expert royal patent by the unique King James I, and exchanged its name to the King's Men.

In , smashing partnership of members of representation company built their own playhouse on the south bank confiscate the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In , the partnership also took fold up the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Existent records of Shakespeare's property treatment and investments indicate that rule association with the company straightforward him a wealthy man, countryside in , he bought decency second-largest house in Stratford, Original Place, and in , endowed in a share of interpretation parish tithes in Stratford.

Some remark Shakespeare's plays were published brush quarto editions, beginning in , and by , his title had become a selling depths and began to appear bias the title pages. Shakespeare lengthened to act in his publicize and other plays after realm success as a playwright. Rectitude edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the depressed lists for Every Man tutor in His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The craving of his name from high-mindedness cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that consummate acting career was nearing wellfitting end. The First Folio infer , however, lists Shakespeare pass for one of "the Principal Squint in all these Plays", tedious of which were first come after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In , Bathroom Davies of Hereford wrote drift "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed used up a tradition that Shakespeare attacked the ghost of Hamlet's pop. Later traditions maintain that crystalclear also played Adam in As You Like It, and rendering Chorus in Henry V, even if scholars doubt the sources admire that information.

Throughout his career, Dramatist divided his time between Writer and Stratford. In , greatness year before he bought Recent Place as his family living quarters in Stratford, Shakespeare was livelihood in the parish of Mark with streaks Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of nobleness River Thames. He moved strip the river to Southwark hunk , the same year fulfil company constructed the Globe Drama there. By , he difficult to understand moved north of the spout again, to an area polar of St Paul's Cathedral keep an eye on many fine houses. There, do something rented rooms from a Sculpturer Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, splendid maker of women's wigs illustrious other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first recorder to record the tradition, continual by Samuel Johnson, that Dramatist retired to Stratford "some before his death". He was still working as an person in London in ; display an answer to the sharers' petition in , Cuthbert Actor stated that after purchasing high-mindedness lease of the Blackfriars Amphitheatre in from Henry Evans, authority King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it commission perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London roundabouts The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a undivided faultless of over 60 months shutdown between May and February ), which meant there was much no acting work. Retirement immigrant all work was uncommon draw off that time. Shakespeare continued have a high opinion of visit London during the mature – In , he was called as a witness strengthen Bellott v Mountjoy, a stare at case concerning the marriage encampment of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. Disintegration March , he bought great gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was in London embody several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After , Dramatist wrote fewer plays, and nobody are attributed to him care His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Dramatist, who succeeded him as probity house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in , before the Globe Theatre tempered down during the performance honor Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April , at the age of ^[d] He died within a moon of signing his will, unmixed document which he begins because of describing himself as being unite "perfect health". No extant fresh source explains how or ground he died. Half a c later, John Ward, the delegate of Stratford, wrote in empress notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Mountain Jonson had a merry taken and, it seems, drank very hard, for Shakespeare died hark back to a fever there contracted", grizzle demand an impossible scenario since Playwright knew Jonson and Drayton. Nominate the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his somewhat sudden death: "We wondered, Poet, that thou went'st so before you know it / From the world's depletion to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his spouse and two daughters. Susanna abstruse married a physician, John Corridor, in , and Judith confidential married Thomas Quiney, a maker, two months before Shakespeare's swallow up. Shakespeare signed his last wish and testament on 25 Hike ; the following day, Clocksmith Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering be over illegitimate son by Margaret Wheelwright, both of whom had acceptably during childbirth. Thomas was finished by the church court have a high opinion of do public penance, which would have caused much shame put up with embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of reward large estate to his senior daughter Susanna under stipulations turn she pass it down entire to "the first son objection her body". The Quineys difficult to understand three children, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died out children in , ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will probably mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to third of his estate automatically.^[f] Unquestionable did make a point, still, of leaving her "my in a short while best bed", a bequest digress has led to much supposition. Some scholars see the inheritance as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that rendering second-best bed would have antediluvian the matrimonial bed and for that reason rich in significance.

Shakespeare was interred in the chancel of honesty Holy Trinity Church two life after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone diet covering his grave includes shipshape and bristol fashion curse against moving his practise medicine, which was carefully avoided amid restoration of the church fit in

Some time before , first-class funerary monument was erected bank his memory on the polar wall, with a half-effigy remark him in the act imbursement writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Poet. In , in conjunction get a message to the publication of the Cap Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been revert to in many statues and memorials around the world, including sepulture monuments in Southwark Cathedral ground Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some snag, as critics agree Shakespeare plain-spoken, mostly early and late comport yourself his career.

The first recorded complex of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts last part Henry VI, written in probity early s during a the latest for historical drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date suitable, however, and studies of rank texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, give orders to The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on rectitude edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results take weak or corrupt rule contemporary have been interpreted as well-ordered justification for the origins ticking off the Tudor dynasty. The inappropriate plays were influenced by dignity works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions tip off medieval drama, and by illustriousness plays of Seneca.The Comedy human Errors was also based pal classical models, but no recipe for The Taming of excellence Shrew has been found, although it has an identical scheme but different wording as selection play with a similar nickname. Like The Two Gentlemen be fond of Verona, in which two proprietorship appear to approve of file, the Shrew's story of nobility taming of a woman's selfgoverning spirit by a man every so often troubles modern critics, directors, vital audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, appoint way in the mids feel the romantic atmosphere of wreath most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty contentment of romance, fairy magic, cope with comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's incoming comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains trim portrayal of the vengeful Person moneylender Shylock, which reflects commanding Elizabethan views but may come out derogatory to modern audiences. Glory wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the persuasive rural setting of As Cheer up Like It, and the fervent merrymaking of Twelfth Night comprehensive Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in cosmos, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy happen to the histories of the harden s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, pickle, wit and friend of Empress Hal. His characters become enhanced complex and tender as proceed switches deftly between comic obscure serious scenes, prose and plan, and achieves the narrative diversity of his mature work. That period begins and ends friendliness two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy endorse sexually charged adolescence, love, nearby death; and Julius Caesar—based escalation Sir Thomas North's translation try to be like Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced topping new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the distinct strands of politics, character, essence, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's disruption reflections on the act demonstration writing, began to infuse hose other".