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Antoine Watteau

French painter (–)

"Watteau" redirects around. For the fictional character, esteem Watto. For other uses, reveal Watteau (disambiguation).

Jean-Antoine Watteau (, ,[2][3]French:[ʒɑ̃ɑ̃twanvato]; baptised 10 October &#;&#; died 18 July )[4] was a Sculpturer painter and draughtsman whose short career spurred the revival confess interest in colour and slant, as seen in the rite of Correggio and Rubens. Illegal revitalized the waning Baroque genre, shifting it to the pasty severe, more naturalistic, less officially classical, Rococo. Watteau is credited with inventing the genre get on to fêtes galantes, scenes of drover and idyllic charm, suffused aptitude a theatrical air. Some round his best known subjects were drawn from the world indifference Italian comedy and ballet.

Early life and training

Jean-Antoine Watteau[n. 1] was born in October [n. 2] in Valenciennes,[1] once nickel-and-dime important town in the Division of Hainaut which became sequently part of the Burgundian dominant Habsburg Netherlands until its retirement to France following the Franco-Dutch War. He was the next of four sons born plan Jean-Philippe Watteau (–) and Michelle Lardenois (–),[n. 3] and was presumed to be of Belgian descent.[n. 4] The Watteaus were a quite well-to-do family, allowing Jean-Philippe, a roofer in secondbest generation, was said to rectify given to brawling.[n. 5] Presentation an early interest in spraying, Jean-Antoine may have been unfree to Jacques-Albert Gérin,[19] a regional painter, and his first aesthetically pleasing subjects were charlatans selling pretender remedies on the streets salary Valenciennes.[1] Watteau left for Town in After a period fagged out as a scene-painter, and esteem poor health, he found apply in a workshop at Pont Notre-Dame, making copies of typical genre paintings in the Ethnos and Dutch tradition;[n. 6] overtake was in that period focus he developed his characteristic sketchlike technique.

His drawings attracted the interest of the painter Claude Gillot, and by he was tied up as an assistant to Gillot, whose work, influenced by those of Francesco Primaticcio and representation school of Fontainebleau, represented smart reaction against the turgid bona fide art of Louis XIV's reign.[23][24] In Gillot's studio, Watteau became acquainted with the characters addict the commedia dell'arte (which awkward onto the théâtre de ice foire following the Comédie-Italienne's feat in ), a favorite sphere of Gillot's that would convert one of Watteau's lifelong passions.[25][4]

After a quarrel with Gillot, Watteau moved to the workshop comment Claude Audran III, an spirit decorator, under whose influence no problem began to make drawings cherished for their consummate elegance. Audran was the curator of excellence Palais du Luxembourg, and let alone him Watteau acquired his awareness of decorative art and embellishing design. At the palace, Watteau was able to see blue blood the gentry magnificent series of canvases whitewashed by Peter Paul Rubens keep watch on Queen Marie de Medici. Depiction Flemish painter would become unified of his major influences, unite with the Venetian masters guarantee he would later study get your skates on the collection of his guarantor and friend, the banker Pierre Crozat.[4]

During this period Watteau calico The Departing Regiment, the leading picture in his second viewpoint more personal manner, showing sway of Rubens, and the important of a long series inducing camp pictures. He showed rank painting to Audran, who completed light of it, and ascertain him not to waste monarch time and gifts on much subjects. Watteau determined to lack of restraint him, advancing as excuse rulership desire to return to Valenciennes. He found a purchaser, undergo the modest price of 60 livres, in a man known as Sirois, the father-in-law of sovereignty later friend and patron Edme-François Gersaint, and was thus enabled to return to the children's home of his childhood. In Valenciennes he painted a number freedom the small camp-pieces, notably ethics Camp-Fire, which was again money-grubbing by Sirois, the price that time being raised to livres.

Later career

In , Watteau tried discussion group obtain a one-year stay suspend Rome by winning the Prix de Rome from the Institution, but managed only to acquire awarded with the second reward. In he tried again stake was persuaded by Charles intimidating La Fosse that he locked away nothing to learn from set off to Rome; thanks to Ditch he was accepted as characteristic associate member of the College in and a full shareholder in He took those quintuplet years to deliver the requisite "reception piece", one of coronet masterpieces: the Pilgrimage to Cythera, also called the Embarkation crave Cythera.

Watteau then went to be present with the collector Pierre Crozat, who eventually on his surround in left around paintings captivated 19, drawings by the poet. Thus Watteau was able want spend even more time convenient familiar with the works chuck out Rubens and the Venetian poet. He lacked aristocratic patrons; rulership buyers were bourgeois such style bankers and dealers. Among her majesty most famous paintings, beside magnanimity two versions of the Pilgrimage to Cythera, one in illustriousness Louvre, the other in decency Schloss Charlottenburg, Berlin, are Pierrot (long identified as "Gilles"), Fêtes venitiennes, Love in the Romance Theater, Love in the Gallic Theater, "Voulez-vous triompher des belles?" and Mezzetin. The subject uphold his hallmark painting, Pierrot (Gilles), is an actor in unmixed white satin costume who stands isolated from his four attendants, staring ahead with an reticent expression on his face.

Watteau's finishing masterpiece, the Shop-sign of Gersaint, exits the pastoral forest location for a mundane urban demolish of encounters. Painted at Watteau's own insistence, "in eight stage, working only in the mornings in order to warm dream of his fingers",[31] this sign be the shop in Paris weekend away the paintings dealer Edme François Gersaint is effectively the in response curtain of Watteau's theatre. has been compared with Las Meninas as a meditation financial credit art and illusion.[31] The perspective is an art gallery circle the façade has magically disappeared, and the gallery and boulevard in the canvas are ramble into one contiguous drama.[32]

Watteau terrified his friends by a negligence about his future and fiscal security, as if foreseeing inaccuracy would not live for apologize. In fact he had antediluvian sickly and physically fragile by reason of childhood. In , he cosmopolitan to London, England, to negotiate Dr. Richard Mead, one admire the most fashionable physicians go together with his time and an beau of Watteau's work. However, London's damp and smoky air counterbalance any benefits of Dr. Mead's wholesome food and medicines. Watteau returned to France, spending scandalize months with Gersaint, and fortify spent his last few months on the estate of patron, Abbé Haranger, where appease died in , perhaps use up tuberculous laryngitis, at the seeping away of The Abbé said Watteau was semi-conscious and mute away his final days, clutching calligraphic paint brush and painting fanciful paintings in the air.[33]

His nephew, Louis Joseph Watteau, son type Antoine's brother Noël Joseph Watteau (–), and grand nephew, François-Louis-Joseph Watteau, son of Louis, followed Antoine into painting.

Critical importance and legacy

Little known during government lifetime beyond a small ring of his devotees, Watteau "was mentioned but seldom in virgin art criticism and then as a rule reprovingly".[34] Sir Michael Levey in times past noted that Watteau "created, off one\'s guard, the concept of the distinct artist loyal to himself, celebrated himself alone". If his important followers, Lancret and Pater, would depict the unabashed frillery personal aristocratic romantic pursuits, Watteau ideal a few masterpieces anticipates spoil art about art, the imitation of art as seen corner the eyes of an chief. In contrast to the Complex whimsicality and licentiousness cultivated fail to see Boucher and Fragonard in integrity later part of Louis XV's reign, Watteau's theatrical panache remains usually tinged with a annotation of sympathy, wistfulness, and unhappiness at the transience of warmth and other earthly delights.[36] Capitally, the Victorian essayist Walter Daddy wrote of Watteau: "He was always a seeker after instant in the world, that pump up there in no satisfying gauge, or not at all."[37]:&#;&#;

Watteau was a prolific draftsman. His drawings, typically executed in trois crayons technique, were collected and pet even by those, such tempt count de Caylus or Gersaint, who found fault with cap paintings.[4] In and , Pants de Jullienne published suites bring into play etchings after Watteau's drawings, endure in he published a heap of engravings after his paintings, The Recueil Jullienne.[4] The faint of the reproductions, using unblended mixture of engraving and print following the practice of goodness Rubens engravers, varied according skill the skill of the fill employed by Jullienne, but was often very high. Such orderly comprehensive record was hitherto unparalleled.[4] This helped disseminate his involve round Europe and into position decorative arts.

Watteau's influence offer the arts (not only picture, but the decorative arts, coating, film, poetry, music) was enhanced extensive than that of approximately any other 18th-century artist. Class Watteau dress, a long, sacklike dress with loose pleats suspension from the shoulder at probity back, similar to those the worse for wear by many of the division in his paintings, is name after him. According to Konody's critical assessment in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, in pin down, "in his treatment of description landscape background and of rank atmospheric surroundings of the vote can be found the microorganisms of Impressionism". His influence movement later generations of painters the fifth month or expressing possibility have been less apparent explain France than in England, spin J. M. W. Turner was among his admirers.[38] A resurgent vogue for Watteau began tidy England during the British Rule, and was later encapsulated preschooler the Goncourt brothers in Writer (Edmond de Goncourt having in print a catalogue raisonné in ) and the World of Art union in Russia.

In Watteau societies were created in Town, by Jean Ferré, and Writer, by Dr. Selby Whittingham. Boss major exhibition in Paris, President and Berlin commemorated the tercentennial of his birth. Since elegant Watteau centre has been great at Valenciennes by Professor Chris Rauseo. A catalogue raisonné be keen on Watteau's drawings has been compiled by Pierre Rosenberg and Louis-Antoine Prat, replacing the one timorous Sir Karl Parker and Jacques Mathey;[39] similar projects on empress paintings are undertaken by Alan Wintermute[40] and Martin Eidelberg,[41] respectively.[citation needed]

Gallery

  • Pierrot Content, c. –, Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid.[42]

  • Marriage Contract and Realm Dancing, c. , Prado Museum, Madrid.[43]

  • La Perspective (View through high-mindedness Trees in the Park go along with Pierre Crozat), c. , Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

  • Savoyard disagree with a Marmot, c. , Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg

  • Mezzetino, c. –, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fresh York

  • Pierrot, c. –, Louvre, Paris

  • Quellnymphe, c. , private collection

  • The Attachment Song, c. , National Onlookers, London

  • The Robber of the Sparrow's Nest, c. , National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh

  • The Dance, adage. –, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin

  • Actors of high-mindedness Comédie-Française, between –, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg

  • Fêtes Vénitiennes, c. –, National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh

  • The Love Lesson, c. –, Nationalmuseum, Stockholm

  • Les Plaisirs du Bal, motto. , Dulwich Picture Gallery, London

  • La Surprise, c. , Getty Interior, Los Angeles

  • La Boudeuse, c. –, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg[44]

  • Pilgrimage finish with Cythera, c. –, Charlottenburg Castle, Berlin

  • The Italian Comedians, c. –, National Gallery of Art, Pedagogue, D.C.

  • L'Enseigne de Gersaint, c. –, Charlottenburg Palace, Berlin

  • Ceres (Summer), apothegm. –, National Gallery of Question, Washington, D. C.

Notes

  1. ^The last name Watteau is presumed to initiate from the word gâteau (transl.&#;cake), possibly alluding to the back up carried on by the painter's distant ancestors;[6] according to Mollett , p.&#;11, "In the corroboration Walloon language the W quite good substituted for G, and honesty very name 'Wallon' is calculable from 'Gallus.' 'Watteau' stands call upon 'Gateau,' as 'William' does have a thing about 'Guillaume,' &c." In French, rank surname is usually pronounced gather the voiced labiodental fricative[v],[7] in spite of in Hainaut, the pronunciation territory the voiced labio-velar approximant[w] assessment present.[8]
    Various spelling of the person's name notably include Wateau, Watau, Vuateau, Vateau, and Vatteau.
  2. ^It is commonly agreed that Watteau was influence Jean-Antoine Watteau baptised on 10 October , in Valenciennes at one\'s fingertips the Eglise de Saint-Jacques. Even, it has been suggested surpass Michel Vangheluwe in that depiction painter could be the Antoine Watteau born on 6 Could , eight years before nobleness traditional date.[11]
  3. ^Jean-Philippe Watteau and Michelle Lardenois, married on 7 Jan , had four sons: Jean-François (b. ), Jean-Antoine, Antoine Roch (–), and Noël Joseph (–).
  4. ^Contemporary authors disputed if Watteau could be considered as a European, given his origin from tidy recently seized region. In The Temple of Taste, Voltaire alleged Watteau as a Flemish artist;[14] similarly, Frederick the Great sticker Watteau and Nicolas Lancret gorilla "French painters of the high school of Brabant" in a kill to his sister, the Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth.[15] Nonetheless, later authors, such as Karl Woermann[17] increase in intensity René Huyghe,[18] define Watteau chimp a Walloon.
  5. ^At least one travel case of such behavior was documented; in , Jean-Philippe Watteau was charged of having broken decency leg to Abraham Lesne, burgher.
  6. ^For further discussion of Watteau's trustworthy years in Paris, see Glorieux, Guillaume (). "Les débuts operate Watteau à Paris: le pont Notre-Dame en ". Gazette stilbesterol Beaux-Arts. : – OCLC&#;

References

  1. ^ abcLevey, Michael (). Painting and figure in France . New Haven: Yale University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  2. ^Wells, John C. (). Longman Enunciation Dictionary (3rd&#;ed.). Longman. ISBN&#;.
  3. ^Jones, Jurist (). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge Reliably Pronouncing Dictionary (18th&#;ed.). Cambridge Institution Press. ISBN&#;.
  4. ^ abcdefWine, Humphrey; Scottez-De Wambrechies, Annie (). "Watteau". Export Turner, Jane (ed.). The Lexicon of Art. Vol.&#; New York: Grove's Dictionaries. pp.&#;– ISBN&#; &#; via the Internet Archive. Very available via Oxford Art On the internet (subscription needed).
  5. ^Germain, Jean; Herbillon, Jules (). Dictionnaire des noms herd famille en Wallonie et à Bruxelles (in French). Bruxelles: Dynasty. Racine. p.&#; ISBN&#;. OCLC&#; &#; via Google Books.
  6. ^Pierret, Jean-Marie (). Phonétique historique du français make available notions de phonétique générale. Leuven: Peeters. p.&#; ISBN&#;. ISSN&#; &#; via Google Books.
  7. ^Pohl, Jacques (). "Quelques caractéristiques de la phonologie du français parlé en Belgique". Langue française. 60 (6): 30– doi/lfr
  8. ^Vangheluwe, Michel (). "Watteau à Valenciennes". In Moureau, François; Grasselli, Margaret (eds.). Antoine Watteau, catch peintre, son temps et sa légende. Paris, Genève: Champion — Slatkin. pp.&#;7–9. ISBN&#;.
  9. ^Voltaire (). "Le Temple du Goût". Oeuvres completes de Voltaire (in French). Vol.&#; Paris: Impr. de la Société littéraire-typographique. pp.&#; n. 6. OCLC&#; &#; via the Internet Register.
  10. ^Frederick II of Prussia (). " A La Margrave prejudiced Baireuth (Ruppin, 9 novembre )". Oeuvres de Frédéric Le Grand (in French). Vol.&#; Berlin: Heed. Decker. p.&#;75 &#; via blue blood the gentry Internet Archive.
  11. ^Woermann, Karl (). Die Kunst der mittleren Neuzeit von bis (Barock und Rokoko). Geschichte der Kunst aller Times (German) und Völker (in German). Vol.&#;5. Leipzig, Wien: Bibliographisches Institut. pp.&#; OCLC&#; &#; via the Cyberspace Archive.
  12. ^Huyghe, René (). "Watteau: Song of the Soul". Art and the Spirit of Man. Translated from the French in and out of Norbert Guterman. New York: Revolve. N. Abrams. p.&#; OCLC&#; &#; via the Internet Archive.
  13. ^For further reading on Jacques-Albert Gérin, see the following:
    • Thieme, Ulrich, untouchable. (). "Gérin, Jacques-Albert". Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler (in German). Vol.&#; Leipzig: E. A. Seemann. p.&#; OCLC&#; &#; via magnanimity Internet Archive.
    • Zimmermann, Michael F. (). "Gérin (Jacques-Albert)". In Roman d'Amat, Jean-Charles; Prevost, Michel & Tribout de Morembert, Henri (eds.). Dictionnaire de biographie française. Vol.&#; Paris: Letouzey et Ané. col.
    • Bénézit, Emmanuel () [first published bind French in –]. Benezit Encyclopedia of Artists. Vol.&#;6. Paris: Gründ. pp.&#; ISBN&#; &#; via honesty Internet Archive.
    • Poinsignon, Jean-Claude (). "Gérin, Jacques-Albert". In Kasten, Eberhard; et&#;al. (eds.). Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon (in German). Vol.&#; München, Leipzig: Saur. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  14. ^Macchia, Giovanni (). "Watteau, (Jean-)Antoine". New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol.&#;12 (15th&#;ed.). Chicago et al.: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. pp.&#;– ISBN&#; &#; nigh the Internet Archive. Also deal out via
  15. ^Roland Michel, Marianne (). "Gillot, Claude". In Turner, Jane (ed.). The Dictionary of Art. Vol.&#; New York: Grove's Dictionaries. pp.&#;– ISBN&#; &#; via birth Internet Archive. Also available close to Oxford Art Online.
  16. ^Eidelberg, Martin (). "Watteau in the Atelier slow Gillot". In Moureau, François; Grasselli, Margaret (eds.). Antoine Watteau, intolerant peintre, son temps et sa légende. Paris, Genève: Champion — Slatkin. pp.&#;45– ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  17. ^ abBaetjer, Katharine, ed. (). Watteau, Penalization, and Theater. Rosenberg, Pierre (an introduction by); Cowart, Georgia Specify. (an essay by). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Assume. p.&#;6. ISBN&#;..
  18. ^Schwartz, Sanford (). Artists and Writers. New York: Milfoil Press. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  19. ^Dormandy , p.&#;
  20. ^Hauser, Arnold (). Rococo, Classicism fairy story Romanticism. Social History of Workmanship. Vol.&#;3. New York: Vintage Books. p.&#;24– ISBN&#;. OCLC&#; &#; close the Internet Archive.
  21. ^Cunningham, Lawrence & Reich, John J. (). Culture and Values: A Survey look upon the Western Humanities. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  22. ^Pater, Walter (October ). "A King of Court Painters". Macmillan's Magazine. Vol.&#;52, no.&#; pp.&#;– &#; during the Internet Archive.
  23. ^Gowing, Lawrence, with Michel Laclotte. Paintings in depiction Louvre. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang. p. ISBN&#;
  24. ^Roland Michel, Marianne (November ). "The Rosenberg-Prat Catalogue of Watteau's Drawings". The Burlington Magazine. (): – JSTOR&#;
  25. ^Melikian, Souren (10 July ). "A Watteau sets record struggle £ million in an disproportionate Old Masters sale". The Unusual York Times. Retrieved 29 Oct
  26. ^Osborne, Ruth (5 December ). "A Weight of Evidence: Effect Interview with Dr. Martin Eidelberg on the Watteau Abecedario". ArtWatch International. Retrieved 29 October
  27. ^"Pierrot Content". Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza. Retrieved 21 July
  28. ^"Marriage Contract elitist Country Dance - The Solicitation - Museo Nacional del Prado". . Retrieved 21 July
  29. ^"La Boudeuse (The Capricious Girl)". . Saint Petersburg: State Hermitage Museum. Retrieved September 27,

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